变压器模型的缩放属性引起了很多兴趣。但是，在研究不同电感偏差和模型体系结构的缩放特性的效果的前提下，没有做太多事情。模型体系结构的规模不同吗？如果是这样，归纳偏置如何影响缩放行为？这如何影响上游（预训练）和下游（转移）？本文对十种不同模型体系结构的缩放行为进行了系统研究，例如变压器，交换机变压器，通用变压器，动态卷积，表演者以及最近提出的MLP混合物。通过广泛的实验，我们表明（1）架构在执行缩放时确实是一个重要的考虑因素，并且（2）最佳性能模型可以在不同的尺度上波动。我们认为，这项工作中概述的发现对当前在社区中评估模型架构的方式具有重要意义。

我们介绍了Art，这是一种新的语料库级自动编码方法，用于培训密集检索模型，不需要任何标记的培训数据。密集的检索是开放域任务（例如Open QA）的核心挑战，在该任务中，最先进的方法通常需要大量的监督数据集，并具有自定义的硬性采矿和肯定式示例。相反，艺术品仅需要访问未配对的投入和输出（例如问题和潜在的答案文件）。它使用新的文档 - 重新定义自动编码方案，其中（1）输入问题用于检索一组证据文档，并且（2）随后使用文档来计算重建原始问题的概率。基于问题重建的检索培训可以有效地学习文档和问题编码器，以后可以将其纳入完整的QA系统中，而无需任何进一步的填充。广泛的实验表明，ART在多个QA检索基准测试基准上获得最先进的结果，并且仅来自预训练的语言模型的一般初始化，从而消除了对标记的数据和特定于任务的损失的需求。

扩展语言模型已被证明可以预测提高各种下游任务的性能和样本效率。相反，本文讨论了一种不可预测的现象，我们将其称为大语言模型的新兴能力。如果在较小的模型中不存在，而是在较大的模型中存在，那么我们认为它可以突然出现。因此，不仅可以通过推断较小模型的性能来预测紧急能力。这种出现的存在意味着额外的扩展可以进一步扩大语言模型的能力范围。

Many real-world problems are inherently multimodal, from the communicative modalities humans use to express social and emotional states to the force, proprioception, and visual sensors ubiquitous on robots. While there has been an explosion of interest in multimodal representation learning, these methods are still largely focused on a small set of modalities, primarily in the language, vision, and audio space. In order to accelerate generalization towards diverse and understudied modalities, this paper studies efficient representation learning for high-modality scenarios. Since adding new models for every new modality or task becomes prohibitively expensive, a critical technical challenge is heterogeneity quantification: how can we measure which modalities encode similar information and interactions in order to permit parameter sharing with previous modalities? We propose two new information-theoretic metrics for heterogeneity quantification: (1) modality heterogeneity studies how similar 2 modalities $\{X_1,X_2\}$ are by measuring how much information can be transferred from $X_1$ to $X_2$, while (2) interaction heterogeneity studies how similarly pairs of modalities $\{X_1,X_2\}, \{X_3,X_4\}$ interact by measuring how much interaction information can be transferred from $\{X_1,X_2\}$ to $\{X_3,X_4\}$. We show the importance of these proposed metrics in high-modality scenarios as a way to automatically prioritize the fusion of modalities that contain unique information or interactions. The result is a single model, HighMMT, that scales up to $10$ modalities and $15$ tasks from $5$ different research areas. Not only does HighMMT outperform prior methods on the tradeoff between performance and efficiency, it also demonstrates a crucial scaling behavior: performance continues to improve with each modality added, and transfers to entirely new modalities and tasks during fine-tuning.

文本生成对于许多自然语言处理应用至关重要。然而，基于最大化的解码方法（例如，神经语言模型的光束搜索）通常会导致解析解决方案 - 生成的文本是不自然的，并且包含不良的重复。现有方法通过采样或修改训练目标引入随机性，以降低某些令牌的概率（例如，不可能训练）。但是，它们通常会导致缺乏连贯性的解决方案。在这项工作中，我们表明，模型变性的根本原因是令牌表示的各向异性分布。我们提出了一种对比解决方案：（i）SIMCTG，是校准模型表示空间的对比训练目标，以及（ii）一种解码方法 - 对比度搜索 - 以鼓励多样性，同时在生成的文本中保持连贯性。对两种语言的三个基准测试的广泛实验和分析表明，我们提出的方法显着优于人类和自动指标评估的当前最新文本生成方法。

我们提出了一种用于在生成答案时将信息与多个检索文件中的信息组合的可检索增强的开放式开放式开放式开放域问题训练方法。我们将检索决策模拟作为相关文件集的潜在变量。由于通过对所检索的文件集的边缘化，因此使用期望最大化算法估计这一点。我们迭代地估计我们的潜在变量的价值（给定问题的这些相关文档集），然后使用此估计来更新检索器和读取器参数。我们假设这种端到端的训练允许训练信号流到读者，然后比上演明智的训练更好地流到猎犬。这导致检索器能够为问题和读者选择更多相关文档，这些文件在更准确的文档中培训以生成答案。三个基准数据集的实验表明，我们所提出的方法优于所有现有的相当大小的方法2-3％绝对精确匹配点，实现了新的最先进的结果。我们的结果还展示了学习检索以改善答复的可行性，而无明确监督检索决策。

Consider a scenario in one-shot query-guided object localization where neither an image of the object nor the object category name is available as a query. In such a scenario, a hand-drawn sketch of the object could be a choice for a query. However, hand-drawn crude sketches alone, when used as queries, might be ambiguous for object localization, e.g., a sketch of a laptop could be confused for a sofa. On the other hand, a linguistic definition of the category, e.g., a small portable computer small enough to use in your lap" along with the sketch query, gives better visual and semantic cues for object localization. In this work, we present a multimodal query-guided object localization approach under the challenging open-set setting. In particular, we use queries from two modalities, namely, hand-drawn sketch and description of the object (also known as gloss), to perform object localization. Multimodal query-guided object localization is a challenging task, especially when a large domain gap exists between the queries and the natural images, as well as due to the challenge of combining the complementary and minimal information present across the queries. For example, hand-drawn crude sketches contain abstract shape information of an object, while the text descriptions often capture partial semantic information about a given object category. To address the aforementioned challenges, we present a novel cross-modal attention scheme that guides the region proposal network to generate object proposals relevant to the input queries and a novel orthogonal projection-based proposal scoring technique that scores each proposal with respect to the queries, thereby yielding the final localization results. ...

Interpretability is a pressing issue for machine learning. Common approaches to interpretable machine learning constrain interactions between features of the input, rendering the effects of those features on a model's output comprehensible but at the expense of model complexity. We approach interpretability from a new angle: constrain the information about the features without restricting the complexity of the model. Borrowing from information theory, we use the Distributed Information Bottleneck to find optimal compressions of each feature that maximally preserve information about the output. The learned information allocation, by feature and by feature value, provides rich opportunities for interpretation, particularly in problems with many features and complex feature interactions. The central object of analysis is not a single trained model, but rather a spectrum of models serving as approximations that leverage variable amounts of information about the inputs. Information is allocated to features by their relevance to the output, thereby solving the problem of feature selection by constructing a learned continuum of feature inclusion-to-exclusion. The optimal compression of each feature -- at every stage of approximation -- allows fine-grained inspection of the distinctions among feature values that are most impactful for prediction. We develop a framework for extracting insight from the spectrum of approximate models and demonstrate its utility on a range of tabular datasets.

最近在无线通信领域的许多任务中考虑了机器学习算法。以前，我们已经提出了使用深度卷积神经网络（CNN）进行接收器处理的使用，并证明它可以提供可观的性能提高。在这项研究中，我们专注于发射器的机器学习算法。特别是，我们考虑进行波束形成并提出一个CNN，该CNN对于给定上行链路通道估计值作为输入，输出下链路通道信息用于波束成形。考虑到基于UE接收器性能的损失函数的上行链路传输和下行链路传输，CNN以有监督的方式进行培训。神经网络的主要任务是预测上行链路和下行链路插槽之间的通道演变，但它也可以学会处理整个链中的效率低下和错误，包括实际的光束成型阶段。提供的数值实验证明了波束形成性能的改善。

大规模图像数据库在很大程度上偏向于在选择少数文化中遇到的对象和活动。这缺乏我们称之为隐藏的尾巴的文化多样化的图像限制了预先训练的神经网络的适用性，并不完全不包括代表性地区的研究人员。要开始纠正此问题，我们策划Turate-150k，阿拉伯世界的图像数据库反映了常见于那里的物体，活动和场景。在此过程中，我们介绍了三个基准数据库，Turath标准，艺术和联合国教科文组织专用子集，图中的数据集。在展示在此类基准上部署时在想象中预先培训的现有网络的限制后，我们培训并评估图像分类任务的若干网络。由于突如其临时，我们希望能够在非代表性地区进行机器学习研究人员，并激励释放额外的以文化为中心的数据库。可以此处访问数据库：Danikiyasseh.github.io/turath。